Salmonella Infection

Bacteria of the Salmonella genus are a major cause of food-borne illness worldwide. Symptoms in most individuals infected with Salmonella are not life-threatening, however in young children, the elderly, and individuals with compromised immune systems, Salmonella infection can be significantly more harmful. By ensuring that food is prepared carefully and properly, it may be possible to reduce the infection rates of Salmonella.

Each year there are approximately 40,000 reported cases of Salmonella infection in the United States, and infection rates are higher in nations with poor sanitation. The majority of infected individuals experience diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps within 12 to 72 hours after infection. Though Salmonella infection usually resolves without medical intervention within 7 days, for some individuals dehydration related to diarrhea may become severe and require hospitalization. In addition, a small number of infected individuals develop pain in their joints, irritation of the eyes, and painful urination.

Two serotypes of the approximately 2,500 that have been identified, Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium are the most common in the United States and account for half of all human infections. In addition to these common strains, antibiotic strain of Salmonella has recently been identified in 26 states, and to date it has sickened 77 people and killed one. Salmonella infection occurs when the bacterium are ingested, and it is commonly accepted that between 1 million and 1 billion bacteria are needed to cause infection.

The majority of infections are due to the consumption of foods that have been contaminated with animal feces. In recent years, outbreaks have been associated with chicken, turkey, and other meats; as well as eggs, and spinach and a number of other vegetables. To help limit the possibility of infection, experts suggest that consumers follow food preparation guidelines aimed at ensuring that food is properly cleaned and cooked thoroughly. These include washing surfaces and hands frequently, keeping raw meat separate from other ingredients, and ensuring that foods are fully cooked and properly stored. By ensuring that food is handled appropriately, it may be possible to reduce rates of Salmonella infection.



Discuss this and other public health topics in the iCons in Medicine Forums

Ensuring Accessibility During Natural Disasters

Reports indicate that individuals with disabilities are disproportionately affected by natural disasters and emergency situations, due in large part to a lack of adequate planning. Available facilities are frequently inaccessible or are ill equipped to accommodate the needs associated with certain disabilities, therefore, by including individuals with disabilities in all stages of the disaster management process, particularly during the planning and preparation phases, the effectiveness of disaster responses can be greatly improved.

An estimated half a billion people - 10 percent of the world population – experiences some form of impairment or disability. Following recent natural disasters including Hurricane Katrina, studies have found that the regions affected by these disasters are frequently not prepared to evacuate, shelter, transport, or meet the medical needs of individuals with disabilities. In addition, the shelters, transportation services, and emergency communications and information broadcasts available in many regions are often not accessible.

By learning from problems identified following natural disasters, regarding the needs of individuals with disabilities, emergency response initiatives can be modified to ensure that the needs of people with and without disabilities are met. According to experts, all individuals, regardless of their disability status, should prepare for potential disaster situations by having a store of food and water on hand to last a minimum of three days. In addition, it is recommended that individuals with disabilities have a supply of items related to their specific needs - which may include eyeglasses, hearing aides, a laminated communication board, or medications - for at least seven days. FEMA, which recently launched a disaster preparedness app, notes that individuals with certain types of disabilities may need to take additional steps to prepare for and receive assistance following natural disasters. It is suggested that individuals with disabilities establish a network of friends, family, and neighbors who may be able to assist them in the event of an emergency.

While natural disasters affect everyone within a given region, individuals with disabilities may face barriers that can cause additional issues. A number of government agencies, including the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) have put measures in place to help mitigate the barriers faced by individuals with disabilities in emergency situations. Ensuring the inclusion of individuals with disabilities and their representatives in strategic planning efforts and the provision of information in accessible formats before, during, and following natural disasters are among HHS’s chief concerns. In addition, the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and other international policy initiatives aim to ensure that humanitarian responses to natural disasters are inclusive of the needs of individuals with disabilities.

Click here to discuss this and other public health topics in the iCons in Medicine forums

Click here to read the International Disability Rights Monitor (IDRM) report on Disability and Early Tsunami Relief Efforts in India, Indonesia and Thailand